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Diabetes

If you have diabetes then you know how important it is to try to keep it under control as best as you possibly can. There are many ways you can manage diabetes, and many things that you can do on your own. If you are on any kind of medication, you should be taking it every time you need to. Even if you are on a fixed income, there are many pharmaceutical companies that can supply you with medication at no cost to you, and the forms are pretty simple and straight forward. If you are planning a trip, make sure that you plan ahead, and order more medication if needed. Be sure to bring along some kind of insulin pen, that doesn't need to be refrigerated, and travels well. Make sure that you have enough test strips, and make sure that the batteries for your monitoring equipment are fully charged, but bring extras from home in case you are on an extended stay. Just because you have this disease, doesn't mean you can't eat at restaurants, but you have to be smart about your food choices. Read the ingredients closely, and try to stick with low calorie choices. You can have as many vegetables as you like, but should you choose to order a salad, make sure that you order the dressing on the side, then you can just dip the salad into it instead. Enjoy your meal slowly, and try to take home any leftovers. You can also avoid over eating by ordering half meals if possible. Make sure that you monitor you levels, thirty minutes before eating, and an hour after meals. Also be careful that you are eating when you are supposed to, because if you aren't eating properly, this could lead to further problems later on. Get regular exercise; a good cardiovascular work out can be in simple forms, such as walking or riding a bike. It is important that you get at least thirty minutes of exercise a day, whether at a gym, or at home. You need to maintain your weight and eat a healthy diet to prevent heart disease. Read the food labels when buying at grocery stores, check the calorie contents, what the portion sizes are, and stick to these to the letter. There are many other valuable resources to help you manage your diabetes. You can find many helpful tips and information on the internet, as well as from your doctor. Make sure that you talk with your doctor before you change your diet or exercise routines, and keep in touch with him about your blood sugar levels, as well as your A1c hemoglobin number. This is important in case they need to up your medication dosage, or adjust it in other areas. You don't have to let diabetes control your life, as long as you are doing what you need to do. Be informed about your diabetes, educate yourself, and those around you who may try to tempt you with things you know are bad for you. One last thing, people with this disease tend to have foot problems due to poor circulation, so you need to check your feet often, like with a mirror, after your bath or shower.

Student Sleeping Time

High school begins across the U.S. this week and next. And it begins too early! Too early in the day, that is. Ask any groggy teenager waiting for a bus or yawning in “home room” and he or she will tell you that it’s just too darn early in the morning to learn chemistry equations or analyze a narrative by some Russian novelist. Are they just lazy? No. Scientific studies of teen sleep patterns say they’re right. So do results from numerous schools across the country that have delayed start times: The later classes begin, the more academic performance improves. Bonus points: attendance goes up, teen depression goes down, and fewer student drivers get into car crashes. Seeing the mounting evidence, the American Academy of Pediatrics yesterday released a new policy statement recommending that middle and high schools delay the start of class to 8:30 a.m. or later. Doing so will align school schedules to the biological sleep rhythms of adolescents, whose sleep-wake cycles begin to shift up to two hours later at the start of puberty, the policy statement says. The conclusions are backed by a technical report the academy also released yesterday, “Insufficient Sleep in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Update on Causes and Consequences,” which is published in the September 2014 issue of Pediatrics. The “research is clear that adolescents who get enough sleep have a reduced risk of being overweight or suffering depression, are less likely to be involved in automobile accidents, and have better grades, higher standardized test scores and an overall better quality of life,” said pediatrician Judith Owens, lead author of the policy statement, titled “School Start Times for Adolescents.” The debate over whether to start school later has run for years, but a host of new studies have basically put it to rest. For one thing, biological research shows clearly that circadian rhythms shift during the teen years. Boys and girls naturally stay up later and sleep in later. The trend begins around age 13 or 14 and peaks between 17 and 19. The teens also need more sleep in general, so forcing them to be up early for school cuts into their sleep time as well as their sleep rhythm, making them less ready to learn during those first-period classes. Practice is proving the science. Hundreds of school districts in the U.S. have experimented with later start times and the academic performance of students has improved across the board. A study released in February that tracked 9,000 high school students in three states showed that grades in science, math, English and social studies all rose when school began at 8:35 or later. Controlled experiments with different start times among the same classes of students at two North Carolina high schools and among the freshman class at the U.S. Air Force Academy also showed that academic performance improved. The later the start, the better the result, too, according to Kyla Wahlstrom, director of the Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement at the University of Minnesota. She published the study of the 9,0000 students. Delaying the opening bell from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m., for example, paid off more than delaying only until 8:00 a.m. Research indicates that students who get at least eight hours of sleep, and preferably nine, perform better than those who do not, Wahlstrom says, so a greater delay raises the chances of achieving those numbers. School districts may balk at such a large adjustment. But Wahlstrom says any change “will create some amount of community disruption, so there’s no real reason to make only a small shift; make the bigger shift and get the maximum benefit.” Most districts find that a change entails a full year of disruption, she say, “but then they don’t want to go back,” because the benefits are so tangible. The biggest resistance is just resistance to change, she says. “We’re into homeostasis.” What’s more, communities find that the usual worries about starting school later do not pan out, according to an analysis by the National Sleep Foundation. Students still succeed in holding part-time jobs, and after-school programs such as sports and theater still run well. “I get tired of the argument that these kids have to do all these activities and community service and therefore can’t start school later,” Wahlstrom says. “The issue is not the start time. It’s that the students are overly busy. There is too much pressure to cram it all in just to have a good resume to get into college.” Students, parents and school advisors should all be more judicious with what students choose to participate in, she says, with emphasis on doing certain activities well rather than piling up a long list. Studies in other countries such as Brazil, Italy and Israel also show that later start times improve learning. Across Europe, the equivalents of high school rarely begins before 9:00 a.m. “Europeans are shocked that Americans start so early,” Wahlstrom says. According to the pediatricians’ academy, 40 percent of U.S. high schools start before 8 a.m., and only 15 percent start at 8:30 a.m. or later. If school districts and parents are still not convinced, data about car crashes may make them take notice. Controlled studies are difficult, because so many factors are involved: the age of drivers varies within a school district, school districts with different start times have different mixes of students. But a few studies stand out. In Jackson Hole, Wyoming, for example, there is only one high school within a hundred mile radius. Delaying the start time from 7:35 a.m. to 8:55 a.m. correlated with a 70 percent reduction in car crashes among drivers ages 16 to 18. Another intriguing study was done more than 10 years ago by University of Kentucky researchers. In Fayette County, which has only one school district, crash rates of teen drivers dropped 16.5 percent in the two years after start times were delayed one hour, compared with the two years before the change. The kicker: the teen crash rate for the rest of the state went up 7.8 percent in the same time period. Sure enough, the portion of Fayette County students who got at least eight hours of sleep during weeknights rose from 36 percent to 50 percent, and those who got at least nine hours rose from 6 percent to 11 percent. Nonetheless, more comprehensive results are needed before fewer accidents can be reliably linked to later school start times, Wahlstrom says. But anecdotally, the idea makes sense. “Driving is monotonous,” she notes. “So if you’re sleep-deprived, you’re more likely to lose attention, have your head nod or fall asleep at the wheel.”

MARCH

Does it deserve the Rang De Basanti soundtrack? Totally. With little gaps of the soothing sound of “Inshallah … .Inshallah”. But soundtrack aside, what is happening? The Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaaf (PTI) is having an Azadi party, er, march. While the Pakistan Awami Tehreek (PAT) soldiers have finally been given an opportunity to prove to their leader just how devoted and obedient they are as they chant and march behind him. Both teams want the prime minister gone. Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif looks grimmer than ever and politicians from all the other political parties are feeling severely left out, hence PPP’s Shazia Marri’s outburst at the National Assembly this morning and the emergence of MQM’s Haider Abbas Rizvi and Ejaz-ul-Haq in Islamabad. Clichéd jokes aside, the PTI has once again done what no other political party could do (without threatening or buying them out): charge the previously apolitical and get them to rally for a cause, which quite possibly could rid us of a very corrupt government. The PTI are disciplined enough to follow their leader Imran Khan’s call for peaceful protest but rowdy enough to flip a container or two without really causing harm to public property (leave aside the fact that they’ve taken over the capital city at the moment). Alongside the PTI, march the angry man PAT’s Tahir-ul-Qadri and his chanters. His followers are very different from Khan’s supporters. They will sit when he tells them to sit and stand when he wants them to rise. While Khan’s protest revolves around rigging and corruption the PML-N’s involved in, Qadri’s beef goes beyond. Two months ago, several followers of TuQ lost their lives in a scuffle with the police outside his residence in Lahore. Those killed included women and children. The tragic incident was strongly protested against and in any other country, it would have been reason enough for members of the provincial if not federal, government to step down. PML-N supporters are probably itching to have a go at the PTI and PAT crowd, except those guys are still preaching peace. Although one may add here, senior PML-N leaders have vaguely reminded the country that they too have thousands of supporters sitting in the bleachers waiting for a signal. The Sharifs and their party may not be publicly foaming at the mouth just yet, but their blockades and closures to the capital are saying enough. Oh, the representatives of democracy! TuQ’s stance remains consistent, while Khan goes up and down. Khan calls for civil disobedience and you have thousands going up in face-palms. Then he redeems himself by stating that he’s open to talks with the government if Nawaz Sharif packs up. Although that still sounds unachievable, it isn’t as unreasonable as what he first started off with. Much as we are familiar with Khan and his charisma and his ability to self-destruct, TuQ is a whole different matter. Who is he? Where did he drop in from? I mean it’s true, we do often pray for fresh faces in our political scene, but this isn’t exactly what we meant. He claims he’s been living with his extended family in a one-canal house in Lahore since 35 years except he hasn’t – he just came back from Canada where he resides. His comparisons of Pakistan with other war-torn nations are often a bit of a stretch and his warnings of the doom approaching us seem a bit exaggerated even to the strongest pessimists. But, he is a brave man. He is live on national television at the moment asking Nawaz Sharif if he would still preach democracy if it were, God forbid his children who lost their lives. Despite the session court judge’s orders, no action has yet taken place on the incident outside his residence – he asks what good is such a democracy. I wonder as well. Oh and he loves the Army. Moving on, what’s going to happen tonight? Other than PTV, which insists on showing news from South Korea and China despite everything going on here, the news channels will have another field day with experts coming in and giving their 'valuable' opinions. Both the movements in Islamabad will probably gain momentum as Khan tempts the rest of the country to join the biggest event in Pakistan’s recent history. Both the parties will also continue to vouch their love and support for the Army, which stands alert in the shadows. But will all of this make Nawaz Sharif pack up? More importantly, do you want it to be so? Those not in love with Azadi and its agents might be sitting and wondering where they stand. Nawaz Sharif packing up doesn’t just mean the end of PML-N or this government; it will deeply damage democracy, as many argue. Sure, this democracy is a sham but it is a system. A very broken and bruised system that Zardari of all people, managed to pass on to Sharif. Could supporting Khan or TuQ mean being anti-democratic? What means more right now? Not derailing democracy - or not allowing another corrupt government to take the nation for a ride. What about the precedent these rallies will set? What if someone not as good-looking and patriotic, or someone not as scholarly, approaches the capital with thousands or more, and demands for the government to resign for whatever reason? What then?

Health Care In Pakistan

In Pakistan history has bore witness to general lack of health facilities and medical malpractices. For one reason or the other, the situation has not been significantly improved, if at all been made better off.In technical terms medical malpractice means: “A professional negligence by act or omission of a health care provider in which care provided deviates from accepted standards of practice”. Although, usually doctors are held responsible for any medical malpractice in Pakistan’s hospitals, but here I would like to highlight some other factors as well which become the causes of ill treatment of a patient. The causes like the lack of structural infrastructure and basic health facilities, the inefficient role of the hospital administration and the profit motivated pharmaceutical companies run a great deal of risk in exacerbating and damaging a patients already vulnerable condition. However along with these factors, the institutional framework to improve health system of Pakistan has not been given proper thoughtfulness or importance which is deemed necessary. Pakistan being a third world country does not have enough resources to improve its health care system but that is not enough an excuse to keep a shamefully low amount of budget allocation for health which is just 0.7% of the GDP. Not even 1%! Yet we hear all the time that with the ongoing war on terror and disputes with neighboring countries, Pakistan cannot afford to reallocate its expenditure from defense to any other sector. With the government’s failure to provide better health facilities and increased awareness of health among people; a large gap has been created between the supply and demand of health facilities. To shorten this gap, private sector has stepped in and has been somewhat successful in improving the health facilities in Pakistan. Private sector has played a huge part in improving health facilities in Pakistan. This has been done by building new hospitals, using latest technology and increasing the doctor’s salaries. Although, efforts have been made in the past decade to improve the overall health position in Pakistan but what underlines this fact is that the number of incidents of medical malpractice has greatly increased, especially in private hospitals. The unfortunate events of medical malpractices (like the case of Immane Malik and similar) can be attributed to a number of reasons. Negligence on the part of hospital administration in handling their staff, duties and responsibility is one main reason other than the obvious doctor’s carelessness. Furthermore, when a pharmaceutical company is motivated by profits, it actually plays with the lives of the patients as recent examples of fraudulent companies and fake medicines have come ashore. The facilities here in Pakistan are not adequate to treat a patient successfully especially in public hospitals where the demand for medical health care is high. There are not even that many hospitals beds available to accommodate such number of patients. Although private hospitals have come to the rescue but most of the Pakistani population cannot afford it. The charges of private hospitals are very high so people prefer to go to public or civil hospitals where they are forced to stand in long lines and facilities are also not up to proper standards. In public hospitals there is a shortage of doctors, so the ratio of patient to doctor is very high and more often than not the doctors are unable to attend to these patients. There are not enough nurses to see such a large number of patients. Even if there are nurses they are not fully trained and often cause mixing error. Mixing error takes place when the medical staff such as nurses mixes the medication of one patient with the other. This may lead to serious problems and can even lead to death. Other than this there is no proper documentation in Pakistan’s hospitals. Documentation is essential regarding each and every detail e.g. the number of visits made to the doctor and the dates, the various reports of patients. The absence of any such documentation leads to many errors as a proper follow up is mandatory and if the hospital would not keep record of all this then effective treatment cannot take place. If the patient has been prescribed a certain course of medicine and there is no previous record of that. This can lead the patient to repeat the course which might have serious side effects. So doctors are not responsible for malpractice in Pakistan, it includes hospital administration as well which monitor the facilities provided inside the hospital such as medicine, nurses, ward boy, and finally documentation. Failure in providing any of these to proper international standard results in loss of health. Other than blaming doctors or hospital administration, pharmaceutical companies are also to be blamed for medical malpractice in Pakistan. It occurs when patient takes some medicine to improve his or health, but the medicine rather than improving the health of the patient further deteriorates and causes other medical problems. And unfortunately recent past has shoved in a number of examples of profit galloping pharmaceutical companies, hungry to make money even on the expense of precious human lives. An example could be the recent Tyno cough syrup incident which took dozens of lives. Ironically all these factors of structural incompetence or structural malfunctioning are just the tip of an iceberg in relation to the issue of health system in Pakistan. This structural incompetence or malfunctioning actually results from institutional dis-functioning where the main issue lies in planning and implementing better health strategies, and we lack both. With such mockingly low level rates of GDP being spent on health, we can barely hope for a strong stable health system in Pakistan yet we desperately seek one

Technology Means for Healthcare

What does the future hold for the transcription industry? In the third installment of the Journal’s series on transcription, take a look at the new technology aimed at boosting productivity, improving accuracy, and, in some cases, asking physicians for direct information input. The year is 2006, and there are just a few hundred medical transcriptions (MTs) still transcribing reports, serving only those older physicians who haven’t changed with the times—and the times have definitely changed. Physicians have finally recognized the power of electronic health records (EHRs) as well as the fact that this power is realized only if they input clinical data directly into the EHR. The vast majority of physicians are using empirically refined templates, pick lists, and other methods of structured, codified input through the evolved progeny of today’s Palm PCs, pocket PCs, and Tablet PCs. Input methods include touch-screen, speech recognition, handwriting recognition, and perhaps other technology not yet invented. There are no longer any delays or expenses resulting from transcription. Plus, healthcare organizations enjoy numerous benefits derived from analyzing codified clinical data. But this is only one vision. Another vision of 2006 incorporates an unavoidable reality: many physicians strongly resist directly inputting clinical data. They believe it slows them down, which outweighs the potential overall healthcare benefits. Additionally, these physicians believe that structured input of patient information limits the freedom of expression afforded by free text. And frankly, these physicians don’t put much stock in the value of clinical practice analysis. So transcription continues. In fact, it expands dramatically. Due to regulatory controls and other pressures, more providers dictate more clinical notes than ever. The need for MTs explodes. In 2006, there are half a million MTs required to convert voice dictations into text, more than double today’s number. Which is the accurate vision? Neither. In three years, it’s likely that the transcription industry will resemble a combination of these two visions. More clinical notes will be needed in computer-ready form—and not through the scanning of handwritten paper charts. Both coded input and electronic free text will have an important place in the future. But technology continues to advance, and these advances will ultimately alter both the state of clinical documentation and the face of medical transcription. In this article, we’ll take a look at the most intriguing documentation technologies of today and tomorrow. Direct Data Input Enables Analysis Most EHRs already offer physicians the opportunity to fully construct their clinical notes by selecting the appropriate data right on their computers or personal digital assistants (PDAs). They can do this with a mouse, touch-pen, or voice. Templates for common conditions facilitate the input process, but it still generally takes longer to generate a note in this manner than by dictation. Yet much of the documentation can be done during the encounter, and the payoff from this method could be awesome. One of the reasons healthcare costs continue to escalate—now consuming 15 percent of what American households spend every year, with double-digit increases from year to year—is because we are not learning from experience. The only way to turn the crisis around is to implement continuous quality improvement. We must learn from analyzing the process and outcome of every clinical encounter. Then this new knowledge will enable us to increase the quality and decrease the cost of care. But we can only do this if we have data to analyze. Direct physician input of structured/codified data would provide the data we need, particularly if the industry adopts a controlled clinical vocabulary, such as SNORED-CT. Then we will be able to understand which findings are connected to which diagnoses, which treatments work best under what conditions, and when diagnostic tests are worth performing. We can convert this learning to point-of-care clinical guidance and decision support to improve the cost-effectiveness of healthcare. But to make this happen, physicians will have to stop dictating and, instead, enter clinical data directly into a computer. This will not be an easy change to get them to make. Physicians Input Free Text It is likely to be a while before most physicians agree to perform direct entry of structured/codified data. Even when physicians agree to enter some data this way, they will still need a free-text “option” for information that doesn’t fit into the coding structure. Free text can be entered by typing, speaking, or handwriting. Most physicians will prefer speaking. “Front-end” speech recognition enables a physician to dictate into a computer or a portable (possibly wireless) device for uploading to the computer. Recognized text appears immediately on the screen. The recognition engine will make a few errors and the dictator will correct those errors via keyboard or voice. Less than 5 percent of practicing physicians are currently using speech recognition to generate clinical reports. And even some of these early adopters confess that they could see at least two to three additional patients each day if they didn’t have to take the time to correct the errors made by the recognition engine, despite its impressive accuracy rates of 95 to 99 percent. However, those physicians claiming a time savings by having their reports transcribed by an MT instead may not be reviewing their transcribed reports for errors either. Handwriting recognition is finally coming of age. The new tablet PCs provide incredible accuracy for reasonably legible handwriting. And this technology, like speech recognition, will become more accurate over time. Although speech is considerably faster than handwriting, it is often more palatable to hand write notes in the presence of the patient. So both will have an important place in the future of free-text clinical documentation. None of the free-text entry methods provide useful data for clinical practice research. However, natural language processing (NLP) technology can extract clinical facts from narrative reports and turn those facts into codes. NLP is currently in its infancy, but it too will advance. Clinical guidance is considerably easier to implement with structured, codified input than with free text, but changing physician behavior is not an easy challenge. Therefore, free text with NLP-aided analysis may prove to be a reasonable option in many clinical settings. Patients Can Contribute Data Patients are an untapped information resource in the healthcare delivery system. Why not let them contribute to the documentation of their own ambulatory clinical episodes? They clearly shouldn’t be documenting the physical exam, assessment, or management plan. But with the right tool, they can effectively enter the subjective data related to their symptoms and relevant medical history, which, on average, represents about half of the entire encounter’s documentation. In fact, they should be able to provide much more comprehensive and useful data than a physician could document in today’s all-too-brief clinical encounters. With a highly developed medical knowledge base driving the computer-based patient questionnaire, the quality and relevance of patient history information will be superior to the data from a physician interview. Employing a patient questionnaire would provide several benefits, including: patients know that all their symptoms will be noted encounters will be more efficient dictation and data entry time will be decreased transcription costs will be decreased service (and billing levels) will increase Patients can fill out these structured questionnaires either in the waiting room or over the Web. If over the Web, the summarized and organized output can be used for triage. For example, urgency and appropriate length of appointment can be determined. Indicated lab and radiology tests can be requisitioned, so that results are available at encounter time. And sometimes self-care can be prescribed or the patient can be immediately directed to a specialist. Patient-provided histories have the potential to significantly improve the cost effectiveness of healthcare if physicians embrace this powerful and innovative approach to streamlining healthcare encounters. The organized output from these computerized questionnaires can also be used to form a basis for “Web visits.” Many conditions do not actually require a face-to-face encounter with a healthcare provider. By using a comprehensive patient history provided over the Web, physicians can sometimes treat patients via e-mail. Patients don’t have to make the trip to the doctor and the cost of care is substantially reduced. Although patients might have to pay a modest fee out-of-pocket for this service, some insurance companies are investigating the quality and cost implications of including Web visits in their coverage. The implications this approach holds for our nation’s overall cost of healthcare are significant. Speed typing Saves Transcription Time There’s no need for transcriptions to type out every word in a report anymore. Speed typing software, sometimes called “abbreviation expander s” or “word expander,” can save a significant number of keystrokes, thereby improving transcriptional productivity. There are two kinds of speed typing software available. Conventional speed typing software works like an auto correcting function in a word processor: users create their own set of abbreviations. For example, an MT could set up “uga” as the abbreviation for “under general anesthesia.” Whenever the MT hits the space bar or punctuation, the software checks the abbreviation list. If there’s something in the list that matches the characters that the MT just typed, it replaces the abbreviation with the associated full text. This software can save about 30 percent of an MT’s keystrokes, and is provided by multiple vendors. A more advanced approach to speed typing, offered by a smaller number of vendors, can save about 70 percent of a transcriptions keystrokes. It comes with a built-in vocabulary of the words that are used in medical reports. Users can then add words, phrases, and blocks of text to reflect any uniqueness in the kinds of reports they transcribe. This software shows the transcriptional, character by character, which word or phrase will be inserted if the space bar (or punctuation) is pressed. It also provides a list of other words and phrases that can be entered by striking their associated keys. The primary word and the listed words may be ordered by frequency of occurrence in medical reports. Thus, the words that occur most frequently become the easiest to type. Productivity increases with speed typing software typically range from 20 to 80 percent, though some users actually double their productivity. Some software ensures correct spelling and hyphenation of all words. Plus, it automatically capitalizes appropriate words such as brand names. These programs have a one-time cost around $200. Consider what a 50 percent increase in transcription productivity is worth each year. There may be no better return on investment anywhere in the domain of healthcare information technology. Back-end Speech Recognition Transparent to Doctors Back-end speech recognition could also be called computer-assisted transcription. Physicians dictate as usual, while their digital voice files are run through a speech engine on a local or remote server. A draft report is then electronically shipped to a medical editor, along with the synchronized voice file. The editor listens, reads, and corrects any mistakes. The corrected text is sent back to the dictator for review and authentication. Even with the quality-degraded voice files resulting from telephone dictation, this approach is expected to eventually average enough accuracy for most dictators that editors will be far more productive than transcriptions. To achieve this improvement, it’s important to provide the editors with software designed to streamline the correction process. With recognition accuracy in the 90 to 95 percent range (which is one mistake on every one or two lines), if physicians have to make the corrections, they will be highly distressed. However, an editor armed with the appropriate editing software should find the correction process much faster than transcribing the entire report. Most of these editors will be former MTs. Some of the implementations of this approach can, on average, double productivity. However, the technology is expensive, and users will have to pay to the providing vendor some of what is saved in labor cost. Nonetheless, back-end recognition is gaining traction in the industry and likely will play a major role in the future of clinical documentation. The most appealing aspect of these back-end systems is that they don’t require physicians to change behavior. Physician resistance to change is a reality that often has to be accepted if we want to move forward at all. As Lawrence Weed, MD, father of the Problem-Oriented Medical Record adopted in the 1970s and Problem-Knowledge Couplers, a software tool that links patient problems to a medical knowledge base, once said, “If physicians were in charge of airports, there would be no radar. Just intensive care units all around the periphery.” Weed, an entrepreneur and healthcare visionary, argues that the healthcare system’s reliance on doctors’ memories for effective care is dangerous and inefficient. Physicians and patients would be better served, he says, if doctors instead accessed medical literature at the point of care to assign diagnoses and shape treatment plans. Which Tool Meets Your Needs? We’ve taken a brief look at some existing and evolving technologies that should alter the healthcare documentation landscape in the coming years. The vision of 2006 is still a bit hazy. The solutions outlined above will find their way into more healthcare settings as the years go by. But one size does not fit all. The key will be in combining technologies to meet site-specific needs. The challenge facing HIM managers is to design and implement the documentation process most compatible with their organizational goals, available resources, and physician mindsets. This is by no means a small challenge, but it is surely an exciting one. Clinical documentation methodologies may be the most powerful tools available for improving the quality and cost effectiveness of healthcare. By 2006, the technologies will be further enhanced. Some of these tools can bring impressive efficiency and cost reduction to the transcription process. But others can actually advance the science of medicine, ultimately providing the kind of point-of-care clinical guidance that will make healthcare be all that it can be.

Scientists Finally Catch On to Social Media

In 2011, Emmanuel Nnaemeka Nnadi needed help to sequence some drug-resistant fungal pathogens. A PhD student studying microbiology in Nigeria, he did not have the expertise and equipment he needed. So he turned to ResearchGate, a free social-networking site for academics, and fired off a few e-mails. When he got a reply from Italian geneticist Orazio Romeo, an inter­national collaboration was born. Over the past three years, the two scientists have worked together on fungal infections in Africa, with Nnadi, now at Plateau State University in Bokkos, shipping his samples to Romeo at the University of Messina for analysis. “It has been a fruitful relationship,” says Nnadi — and they have never even met. Ijad Madisch, a Berlin-based former physician and virologist, tells this story as just one example of the successes of ResearchGate, which he founded with two friends six years ago. Essentially a scholarly version of Facebook or LinkedIn, the site gives members a place to create profile pages, share papers, track views and downloads, and discuss research. Nnadi has uploaded all his papers to the site, for instance, and Romeo uses it to keep in touch with hundreds of scientists, some of whom helped him to assemble his first fungal genome. More than 4.5 million researchers have signed up for ResearchGate, and another 10,000 arrive every day, says Madisch. That is a pittance compared with Facebook’s 1.3 billion active users, but astonishing for a network that only researchers can join. And Madisch has grand goals for the site: he hopes that it will become a key venue for scientists wanting to engage in collaborative discussion, peer review papers, share negative results that might never otherwise be published, and even upload raw data sets. “With ResearchGate we’re changing science in a way that’s not entirely foreseeable,” he says, telling investors and the media that his aim for the site is to win a Nobel prize. The company now employs 120 people, and last June it announced that it had secured $35 million from investors including the world’s richest individual, Bill Gates — cash that came on top of two earlier rounds of undisclosed investment. “It was really a head-scratcher when we saw that,” says Leslie Yuan, who heads a team working on networking and innovation software for scientists at the University of California, San Francisco. “We thought — who are these guys? How are they getting so much money?” Yuan is not the only one who has been taken aback. A few years ago, the idea that millions of scholars would rush to join one giant academic social network seemed dead in the water. The list of failed efforts to launch a ‘Facebook for science’ included Scientist Solutions, SciLinks, Epernicus, 2collab and Nature Network (run by the company that publishes Nature). Some observers speculated that this was because scientists were wary of sharing data, papers and comments online — or if they did want to share, they would prefer do it on their own terms, rather than through a privately owned site. But it seems that those earlier efforts were ahead of their time —or maybe they were simply doing it wrong. Today, ResearchGate is just one of several academic social networks going viral. San Francisco-based competitor Academia.edu says that it has 11 million users. “The goal of the company is to rebuild science publishing from the ground up,” declares chief executive Richard Price, who studied philosophy at the University of Oxford, UK, before he founded Academia.edu in 2008, and has already raised $17.7 million from venture capitalists. A third site, London-based Mendeley, claims 3.1 million members. It was originally launched as software for managing and storing documents, but it encourages private and public social networking. The firm was snapped up in 2013 by Amsterdam-based publishing giant Elsevier for a reported £45 million (US$76 million). Winning formula Despite the excitement and investment, it is far from clear how much of the activity on these sites involves productive engagement, and how much is just passing curiosity — or a desire to access papers shared by other users that they might otherwise have to pay for. “I’ve met basically no academics in my field with a favourable view of ResearchGate,” says Daniel MacArthur, a geneticist at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. In an effort to get past the hype and explore what is really happening, Nature e-mailed tens of thousands of researchers in May to ask how they use social networks and other popular profile-hosting or search services, and received more than 3,500 responses from 95 different countries. The results confirm that ResearchGate is certainly well-known (see ‘Remarkable reach’ below, and full results online at go.nature.com/jvx7pl). More than 88% of scientists and engineers said that they were aware of it — slightly more than had heard of Google+ and Twitter — with little difference between countries. Just under half said that they visit regularly, putting the site second only to Google Scholar, and ahead of Facebook and LinkedIn. Almost 29% of regular visitors had signed up for a profile on ResearchGate in the past year.

Normal Diet

Although you know now what you can eat, there are still some other questions that you should have the answers to, before you get started with your diet. Make no mistake: Despite the fact that cutting down on calories but still getting nutrition is really the driving point behind any great diet, there are other factors that are going to end up playing a role in the success or failure of your diet. And some of these include good eating habits. Learning these habits is something that will, in the long run, prove very beneficial to your diet. Not only will they increase its effectiveness, but some may even help you to maintain it, which is essential especially when you’re first starting out. Without further delay, let’s get started looking at some of these habits. Eating Less, But More Often Most of us eat three big meals a day. Breakfast, lunch, and then dinner. That much is pretty standard throughout the world. Some of us even end up snacking in between, just to fill up. One of the best things that you could instill in yourself when you start your diet is to simply do as the title says: Eat less, but eat more often! Really, nothing could be easier to do. At every meal, start consuming smaller portions, but instead of eating just three meals a day, eat every two or three hours instead. If you do this, you’ll find that the results are really amazing. Basically, whenever we eat, our body’s metabolism kicks in. So by eating on a more regular basis, your metabolism is constantly primed, and getting rid of more energy than it would be if you were eating less regularly. Furthermore, by eating more regularly, you’re also going to find it a lot easier to cut down on those ‘in-between-meal’ snacks that many people end up resorting to. On the whole, the idea is to not consume more calories than you normally would, but just spread it out over several smaller meals. Thus, you’ll enjoy the benefits that can be obtained by eating more often, while at the same time, because your calorie intake is the same, you won’t really be giving your body any more excess energy Breakfast is important. That is one fact that can’t be stressed enough, and really, it ties in with the point that we just made in the last section. Knowing what you now know about regular meals, it would stand to reason that soon after you do wake up, you would want to eat something to kick off your metabolism that has pretty much been running on neutral while you sleep. But there’s more to breakfast than just that. Over the years, studies have shown that skipping breakfast can actually cause your body to go into ‘survival’ mode, which is detrimental towards weight loss through dieting. In fact, it means that your body would more readily store energy, in the form of fat, of course! Even if you’re not the kind of person that generally likes to eat so early in the day, taking a bite or two of something healthy would not be amiss. Grab a fruit, or eat a salad. Really, the choice is entirely yours. Just remember what we said about smaller meals at more regular intervals though, because it applies to breakfast as much as any other meal too! To put it simply: Have a meal within the first half hour or so of waking up. Avoid Eating Right before Hitting the Sack Some of us just love having supper, and for most, it probably consists of just a small bite to eat about an hour or so before going to sleep. Unfortunately, this ‘small bite’ can have longstanding effects, and should definitely be one of the first things to go for anyone whom is seriously on a diet. Based on what you already know about dieting, the reasons for this should be obvious. Basically, it’s once again a question of storing reserve energy. As you would expect, when you’re awake, your body is consuming more energy through all the activities that you’re putting it through. Even something as simple as sitting in front of the TV is actually consuming energy. However, when you’re asleep, your body is expending far less energy. For this reason, any and all food that you consume before you hit the sack, once it is converted to energy, for the most part, ends up as excess energy. This is, as you well know by this point, stored as fat. If you want to get the very best out of your diet, it is advisable that you don’t eat for about four to five hours before you go to sleep. That way, you’ll give your body enough time to work through whatever existing energy remains, and possibly even burn some of your fat-based reserves! Then, while you sleep, there’ll be no excess energy to be stored, leaving you completely fat-free! Coupled with the fact that you’re going to be eating breakfast anyway, your nutritional needs will be well taken care of, so you needn’t worry about that part too much. Although all of the three simple habits that we’ve discussed may seem like run-of-the-mill type habits, the truth is that they’re a crucial part of any good diet. Without them, you’ll find that the effects that you receive aren’t as good as you’d expect. With them, on the other hand, you can rest assured that you’re on the right track! At this point, you’re almost at the finish line. Now you know what to eat, when to eat, and how to eat – basically, everything that you do need to know about diting, But effectively dieting is more than just about choosing the right diet. Very early on in this guide, we’d mentioned that many people end up going off course for a number of reasons, and thus, to successfully diet, it would make sense that you should know how to deal with these problems.

Safe the Teeth

Teeth whitening cannot be achieved with just one or two visits to a dentist’s surgery. Depending on the condition of your teeth, it usually requires several daily visits before you have the desired results. Visiting a dentist every day, for 1-2 weeks or more, is not easy for most people. That is the reason why, dentists usually give their clients a whitening gel and two mouth trays and ask them to carry out the process for themselves for a specific number of days. This makes us realise that even professional whitening is carried out at home under the dentist’s advice. As we mentioned above, most of the whitening process is done at home, and if you get a high quality teeth-whitening kit and follow the instructions, you will have exactly the same results as when visiting your dentist, but at a much lower price. Apart from the whitening gel, home whitening kits provide you with two mouth trays which you fill with the gel before applying them over your teeth. It is very important that mouth trays fit exactly over your teeth, because if they don’t, the gel will come in contact with your gums and may irritate them. To avoid such discomfort, make sure that you buy a high quality teeth whitening kit with thermoform mouth trays which are moulded in such a way as to perfectly fit your teeth. Moulding takes place when you leave the thermoform mouth trays in hot water for a couple of minutes and then fit them over your teeth. You bite down hard on the trays and they take the exact shape of your teeth. This is a process you do only once. The mouth trays will keep their shape for as long as you need them. When your mouth trays are ready, you can start the whitening process by filling them with the recommended amount of gel and putting them carefully over your upper and lower jaws. It is essential to follow the instructions carefully and not to exceed the recommended application time. After the recommended time, you remove the mouth trays and rinse your mouth thoroughly. Your treatment is over, and you can see the difference on your teeth even from the first time. You will continue your treatment for a certain number of days according to instructions and until you reach your desired results. Some high-quality teeth whitening kits provide you with a blue-light device which can speed up your treatment period. Smile 4 You is one such whitening kit that includes the blue light appliance in its package. The blue light is a special light that works at a 468 nanometres frequency and makes the treatment time 50% shorter. This happens because when you hold the device over your teeth the light activates hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide which makes the whitening molecules work faster. A re-mineralising gel is included in some teeth whitening kits, like in Smile 4 You kit, to help your teeth become less sensitive by providing them with the necessary minerals that they may lose during bleaching. The method helps microscopic holes get filled with those minerals and your teeth become stronger and stop being sensitive. Whitening your teeth at home with the use of a whitening kit will make your teeth look a lot more beautiful, you will feel a lot more confident when you smile, and you can enjoy professional results without having to pay high dentist fees. Our highly qualified teeth whitening reviews site and results in only 30minutes.We provide teeth whitening kits for our home use that guarantee to whiten and brighten your teeth, make you smile more confidently and make you feel a lot more attractive.

SKIN CARE

There are a large number of resources that will help you boost your skin both on the Web and offline. What is most beneficial to you, even though, are beneficial, distinct suggestions and advice about life style and skin care that you can use each and every day. This report gives this data in a straightforward and simple to realize style. A single way to do your skin a favor is to avoid tension. Anxiety is bad for well being all round, and it has negative affects on the skin. Reduce your pressure, and you will see a reduction in skin problems. In fact, your whole life will be improved by lowered levels of anxiety. Do not shave your dry skin. Also, try not to shave unless you have a lathering solution to support. Shaving tends to lead to more irritation and redness to the surface of your skin. Moisturize post-shaving, too. The lotion will help nourish your skin and soothe any irritation shaving has brought on. Your skin will be at its greatest when you use a moisturizer. Moisturizers maintain skin supple, add water content to the surface of your skin and support you to maintain a youthful look. In the course of the winter, moisturizing is even far more important. Hunting young starts with the proper moisturizer. Reduced your stress levels to increase the well being of your skin. It is feasible for uncontrolled tension to result in your skin to be much more sensitive, which can cause skin problems. Locate ways to handle the pressure in your life, because it will aid your skin remain healthier. Watercress is a good meals to eat if you want to decrease pore sizes, facial puffiness and all round inflammation. You can eat watercress as a snack or a meal either way it will be excellent for your skin. Not only does it have numerous advantages for your skin, it can also aid to remove free of charge radicals. Use vitamin B3 creams to make red, blotchy skin look better. It can help your skin keep in moisture, as well as guarding it from irritants you come across each day. Soon after using it often for a handful of weeks, you will notice a difference in your skin. If you've got oily skin, attempt using a mineral powder or oil-cost-free foundation. The powder will absorb the excess oils to assist give your face a fresh healthier look. If your skin is oily, you must not be employing liquid foundations that can make your circumstance worse. If your make-up does not consist of an SPF, add a bit of your personal. Purchasing a foundation with sun protection is wonderful, but your preferred product may not give you the selection. If the a single you use lacks protection, then mix your personal. Mix a small amount of sunscreen with your foundation and apply it to your face. Try keeping your pressure levels at a minimum. Anxiety can trigger an enhance of adrenaline, DHEA and cortisol levels in your blood. Hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol can boost the effects of circumstances of the skin like acne, psoriasis, and eczema. Your skin is generally a direct reflection of your general overall health. A relaxed thoughts and body that is cared for will translate into a far greater complexion. Hobbies can help you preserve skin looking excellent. Numerous instances, skin is affected by stress. If you can avoid it or lower anxiety, your skin will appear much better. As was discussed at the start of this article, educated decisions concerning your skin care are usually the very best ones. Nonetheless, finding the very best details can seem challenging at times. If you locate all of the data you need to take care of your skin and use them you will be satisfied in no time.

FIBER FOODS

As you go about your Red Deer weight loss program, one thing that you need to make sure you’re doing is getting enough fiber in. Dietary fiber is key to success because getting enough is going to make controlling your hunger easier, is going to help you feel more satisfied after each meal you eat, and is going to help to boost your health, reducing your risk of heart disease as well as improving your digestion and elimination system. Yet, most women are still falling short in their fiber intake. Often the primary reason why you may not be getting enough fiber in your diet is due to the fact that you just don’t have time to prepare vegetables which each meal, thus you tend to leave them out of the picture. Fortunately, you can quickly turn this problem around and start increasing your fiber intake if you go about things in the right manner. Let’s take a look at some quick tips that you can use right now to get more fiber into your Red Deer weight loss program. Stir Flaxseeds Into Greek Yogurt The first way to boost your fiber intake is to sprinkle on some flaxseeds into a bowl of Greek yogurt. Flaxseeds are a great food to have in your diet plan because they’re rich in omega fats, which will help to encourage a leaner body composition and help boost heart health. In addition to that, flaxseeds also contain a small dose of protein, so this will add to the already present protein from the Greek yogurt. Add a bit of fresh fruit to this snack and you have a perfectly balanced snack that will serve your body well. Add Blackberries To Oatmeal The second tip to get more fiber into your day is to sprinkle some blackberries over a bowl of oatmeal as well. Blackberries are not only high in antioxidants, but also rich in dietary fiber as well. A one cup serving has almost 10 grams of fiber, so it’s a very fast and easy way to dramatically boost your intake. Oatmeal on its own is already a high fiber food, so the berries will just add to this. Plus, they add taste to a bowl of regular oatmeal, so can reduce the chances that you need to add extra sugar as well. Puree Vegetables Into A Sauce Moving along, the next quick tip to get more fiber into your daily diet is to consider pureeing some vegetables into a sauce. If you tend to be a rather picky eater and aren’t big on the texture of vegetables, this is any easy method to overcome this problem and still get them into your regular diet plan. Great vegetables that work with this tip include onions, mushrooms, carrots, celery, cucumbers, and peppers. Blend them right up into a tomato based sauce. Snack On Nuts Nuts are another fast and easy way to get more fiber into your regular diet plan and as an added bonus, they also supply you with some healthy fats as well. Nuts have been shown to help reduce the risk of heart disease and can also offer many other health benefits as they’re rich in the fat soluble vitamins such as Vitamin A and vitamin E. Additionally, nuts will also help to regulate blood sugar levels very well and help keep you more satisfied between your meals. Just be sure that you are being careful about how many nuts you consume as they are very calorie dense and these calories will add up quickly. Replace Brown Rice With Barley Finally, the last way to boost your fiber intake for the day is to start replacing any brown rice you normally have with barley instead. Barley is very high in fiber – much higher than any other grain out there, so will quickly help you meet your daily intake requirements. Barley works great on its own as an accompaniment to any protein source you’re serving up or you can have it under a stir-fry just as you would with regular brown rice. Barley also makes for a great addition in some salads as well, so that’s something to consider. There you have some fast and easy tips to get more fiber into your diet so that you can see faster results as you go about your Red Deer weight loss plan. Use these and you should have no problem getting your needs met.

Chaild Labour

God has given human beings the boon of wisdom and discretion to think upon the signs of the universe and to draw conclusions. That is the reason why they disclose the hidden facts of it and its structure and have made remarkable progress in many walks of life. Children are the flowers of heaven. They are the most beautiful and purest creation of God. They are innocent both inwardly and outwardly. No doubt, they are the beauty of this world. Early in the morning when the children put on different kinds of clothes and begin to go to schools for the sake of knowledge, we feel a specific kind of joy through their innocence. But there are also other children, those who cannot go to schools due to financial problems, they only watch others go to schools and can merely wish to seek knowledge.It is due to many hindrances and difficulties; desperate conditions that they face in life. Having been forced to kill their aspirations, dreams and other wishes, they are pressed to earn a living for themselves and for their families. It is also a fact that there are many children who play a key role in sustaining the economically life of their family without which, their families would not be able to make ends meet. These are also part of our society who have forgotten the pleasures of their childhood. When a child in addition to getting education, earns his livelihood, this act of earning a livelihood is called as child Labour. The concept of child Labour got much attention during the 1990s when European countries announced a ban on the goods of the less-developed countries because of child Labour. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines child Labour as: 1- when a child is working during early age 2- he overworks or gives over time to Labour 3- he works due to the psychologically, socially, and materialistic pressure 4- he becomes ready to Labour on a very low pay Another definition states: “Child Labour” is generally speaking work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (physically, mentally, morally or blocking access to education), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund(UNICEF) defines “child” as anyone below the age of 18, and “child Labour” as some type of work performed by children below age 18. (UNICEF) Child Labour is an important and a serious global issue through which all and sundry countries of the world are directly or indirectly affected, but, it is very common in Latin America, Africa and Asia. According to some, in several Asian countries’ 1/10 manpower consists of child Labour. In India the number of children between the ages of 10-14 has crossed above 44 million, in Pakistan this number is from 8 to 10 million, in Bangladesh 8-12 million, in Brazil 7 million, whereas their number is 12 million in Nigeria. In Pakistan children aged 5-14 are above 40 million.During the last year, the Federal Bureau of Statistics released the results of its survey funded by ILO’s IPEC (International Program on the Elimination of Child Labour). The findings were that 3.8 million children age group of 5-14 years are working in Pakistan out of total 40 million children in this age group; fifty percent of these economically active children are in age group of 5 to 9 years. Even out of these 3.8 million economically active children, 2.7 million were claimed to be working in the agriculture sector. Two million and four hundred thousand (73%) of them were said to be boys. During the year 2001 and 2002 the government of Pakistan carried out a series of consultation of tripartite partners and stakeholders (Labour Department, trade unions, employers and NGOs) in all the provinces. The objective was to identify the occupations and the categories of work, which may be considered as hazardous under the provisions of ILO Convention 182. As a result of these deliberations, a national consensus list of occupations and categories of work was identified, which is given below: 1. Nature of occupation-category of work 2. Work inside under ground mines over ground quarries, including blasting and assisting in blasting 3. Work with power driven cutting machinery like saws, shears, and guillotines, ( Thrashers, fodder cutting machines, also marbles) 4. Work with live electrical wires over 50V. 5. All operation related to leather tanning process e.g. soaking, dehairing, liming chrome tanning, deliming, pickling defleshing, and ink application. 6. Mixing or application or pesticides insecticide/fumigation. 7. Sandblasting and other work involving exposure to free silica. 8. Work with exposure to ALL toxic, explosive and carcinogenic chemicals e.g. asbestos, benzene, ammonia, chlorine, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, caustic soda, phosphorus, benzidene dyes, isocyanides, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide, epoxy, resins, formaldehyde, metal fumes, heavy metals like nickel, mercury chromium, lead, arsenic, beryllium, fiber glass, and 9. Work with exposure to cement dust (cement industry) 10. Work with exposure to coal dust 11. Manufacture and sale of fireworks explosives 12. Work at the sites where Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) are filled in cylinders. 13. Work on glass and metal furnaces 14. Work in the clothe printing, dyeing and finishing sections 15. Work inside sewer pipelines, pits, storage tanks 16. Stone crushing 17. Lifting and carrying of heavy weight specially in transport industry ( 15b kg and above) 18. Work between 10 pm to 8 am ( Hotel Industry) 19. Carpet waving 20. Working 2 meter above the floor 21. All scavenging including hospital waste 22. tobacco process ( including Niswar) and Manufacturing 23. Deep fishing ( commercial fishing/ sea food and fish processing 24. Sheep casing and wool industry 25. Ship breaking 26. Surgical instrument manufacturing specially in vendors workshop 27. Bangles glass, furnaces Now we can easily imagine in the light of above mentioned facts and figures how the nation’s future namely children are deprived of pleasures of life, ignorance has reduced their abilities of thinking right or differentiating between right and wrong, as well as their life-chances, to their non-access to education. It is true that child Labour is not an isolated phenomenon. It is an outcome of a multitude of socio-economic factors and has its roots in poverty, lack of opportunities, high rate of population growth, unemployment, uneven distribution of wealth and resources, outdated social customs and norms and plethora of other factors. According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) the daily income of 65.5% people of Pakistan is below 2 U.S. dollars a day. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Report, 47 million people in Pakistan are leading lines below the line of poverty, whereas the Social Policy Development Centre (SDPC) Karachi has stated in one of its reports that the ratio of poverty in Pakistan was 33% during 1999 that increased in 2001 and reached 38%. The ratio of poverty in the current year is around 30%. Consider the point that if 30% of our country’s total population is leading life below the poverty-line wherein the people are deprived of basic necessities of life like clothing, shelter, food, education and medication, the children of these people will be forced to become Labourers or workers in order to survive. Another reason of child Labour in Pakistan is that our people don’t have the security of social life. There is no aid plan or allowance for children in our country. Class-based education system is another reason for increasing child Labour; villages lack standardized education systems and as a result, child Labour is on increase in rural areas. The government has not put its laws into practice to stop child Labour in our country. Employers after exploiting child Labour, extract a large surplus, whereas child Labour, despite increasing poverty, unemployment and other problems, are pressed to do anything and everything for their livelihood and the survival of their families. Child Labour is a complex problem which demands a range of solutions. There is no better way to prevent child Labour than to make education compulsory. The West understood this a long time ago. Laws were enacted very early to secure continued education for working children; and now they have gone a step forward, and required completion of at least the preliminary education of the child before he or she starts work. Martin Luther as back far 1524 sent a letter to German Municipalities insisting it was their duty to provide schools, and the duty of parents to educate their children. In Sweden, a royal decree in 1723 instructed parents and guardians to diligently see to it that their children applied themselves to book reading. In Europe, one country after another; Scotland, Prussia (1817), Austria (1869), France, United Kingdom (1880) and Italy made education compulsory. In 1872, Japan became the first non-Western country to make elementary school education compulsory with the declaration by the Meiji Govt. The present government in Pakistan has made elementary education compulsory. Along with this, the government has distributed free books in primary schools so that parents, who cannot afford their children’s school expenses, send their children to schools. The major point is that this decision must be acted upon at all levels. There is strict need to stop child Labour in this country. Awareness must be raised and the attention of parents ought to be diverted to the education of their children. Child Labour Laws should be put into practice strictly. In addition, the educational system of the country-must be reshaped and restructured according to national development goals. The orphans and other deserving children must be helped financially on a prolonged basis. It is also essential to eliminate child Labour from the country, that the political, economical and social system of the country are need to be reshaped and such steps taken that make child Labour in this country a crime. They should bring on the well-being of a lay man, good governance and end to exploitative thinking. If we succeed to act upon these principles, our country can easily get rid of this problem i.e. child Labour. The agreement that has recently been approved by Pakistan, Norway and ILO to eradicate child Labour must be given importance and we hope that our rulers must put this agreement into practice using all means at their disposal.

Terrorism

That terrorism is a contested concept is best illustrated by that old adage; one man’s terrorist is another freedom fighter. There is no generally accepted definition, and often the question of defining who is a terrorist becomes linked with the issue of De-legitimization of certain groups and their politics. Therefore, without a working definition of terrorism, further powers for the security apparatus are prone to abuse. The label of ‘terrorist’ needs to be applied judiciously otherwise it risks becoming devalued and ultimately ‘demonetized’. Three elementary concepts may help us build a more meaningful definition. 1) Terrorists are not ‘crazy’ nor are they solely the poor and dispossessed. 2) Often the direct targets are not the main target, the main target are those who continue to live. 3) Terrorists want a lot of people watching, not necessarily a lot of people dead. Abhorrent as they are, extortion, kidnapping and homicide are criminal, not terrorist acts. For better vision and clarity we would need to UN-bundle the criminal and separatist violence in Karachi and parts of Baluchistan respectively and place them outside the realm of terrorism. Widespread confusion also continues to prevail as to the real threat that seeks at best, to change the character of the state and at worst, to destroy it. Terrorism and, by extension, vigilantism, militancy, sectarian violence and violence against minorities are the different manifestations of the same ideological urge. At terrorism’s core lie the basic questions that are crying out to be dealt with. Who is an apostate in Islam? Can the state ascribe such a label to any citizen or group? Indeed, can one citizen or group label another citizen or group as kafir? And if it does, how should the state respond. What is the takfiri movement and how can a modern state like Pakistan restrain its violent urge? Do the present laws and enforcement mechanisms provide sufficient restraint? What is Salafi ideology and who are the Salafists in our society? What do they believe in and what do they preach? Has a census been conducted on their mosques and madressahs? What are Al Qaeda’s ideological grievances and how does the organisation justify the use of violence to redress these? Why does this line of reasoning find traction amongst so many ordinary Pakistanis that are not yet radicalised, but can potentially become cannon fodder with very little effort? The Pakistani state must wake up to this ticking time bomb. Psychologists say that the human mind has a primitive ego defence mechanism that negates all realities that produce too much stress for the brain to handle. It’s called denial. When we look around, we find the public and political discourse in Pakistan on such questions to be of very poor quality. Academic discourse is almost nonexistent. On any given day, one would seldom hear parliament taking up such questions. A case in point is the argument that acts of terrorism are a cause of drone strikes against militant hideouts. This is half-witted hearsay. There is no empirical evidence to support this contention or establish a causal connection. To survey the post 9/11 work that has been done on understanding the causes, mechanisms and processes of terrorism I typed in “causes of terrorism” in Google Scholar. Gleaning through the first eight mind-boggling pages of search results you notice something. Cutting edge work has been done and when you look at all the big names, the scholars, universities, think tanks and research institutes, the academic journals and the publications, and then you plot these results on a map, you notice that almost all this effort has come from the West, concentrated on both sides of the Atlantic. You can find the odd twinkle in Israel, Singapore and Australia, while the rest of the world is fairly dark. Yet Western researchers decry the data being scattered, and the difficulty of gathering it from conflict zones. That the environment is ever changing. That intelligence agencies and terrorist organisations are shadowy and accessing people to interview is a challenge. Even if the researcher can gain access, they try to influence the researcher instead of assisting the research effort. One piece stands out: Jessica Stern’s Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill. A leading expert of terrorism, Dr Stern teaches at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. One of the reviews described her work as unusual because she is a trained social scientist who spent four years collecting primary data, in which she had first-hand contact with suspected terrorists, even if at great risk to her own life. Usually one would find intelligence operatives or journalists in such roles but rarely somebody of her background and expertise. She finds religious terrorists to be the most dangerous in the world today. Her work is a gem, offering insights that get us to the heart of the matter in very little time. It should be required reading for our policymakers and security planners. The study of terrorism (and its countering) brings multiple disciplines together. For the greater part the subject falls under political science but its study involves an understanding of war studies, communication studies, social psychology, criminology and law. The 1000-mile journey will require much more rigorous thinking and a far greater intellectual effort than has been managed so far. But for now, coining a definition for terrorism is the next step.

The Fundamental of Faith

1. He believes in One God, Supreme and Eternal, Infinite and Mighty, Merciful and Compassionate, Creator and Provider. This belief, in order to be effective, requires complete trust and hope in God, submission to His Will and reliance on His aid. It secures man's dignity and saves him from fear and despair, from guilt and confusion. The reader is invited to see the meaning of Islam as explained above. 2. He believes in all the messengers of God without any discrimination among them. Every known nation had a warner or messenger from God. These messengers were great teachers of the good and true champions of the right. They were chosen by God to teach mankind and deliver His Divine message. They were sent at different times of history and every known nation had one messenger or more. During certain periods two or more messengers were sent by God at the same time to the same nation. The Holy Qur'an mentions the names of twenty-five of them, and the Muslim believes in them all and accepts them as authorized messengers of God. They were, with the exception of Muhammad, known as "national" or local messengers. But their message, their religion, was basically the same and was called ISLAM, because it came from One and the Same Source, namely, God, to serve one and the same purpose, and that is to guide humanity to the Straight Path of God. All the messengers with no exception whatsoever were mortals, human beings, endowed with Divine revelation, and appointed by God to perform certain tasks. Among them Muhammad stands as the Last Messenger and the crowning glory of the foundation of prophethood. This is not an arbitrary attitude, nor is it just a convenient belief. Like all the other Islamic beliefs, it is an authentic and logical truth. Also, it may be useful to mention here the names of some of the great messengers like Noah and Abraham, Ishmael and Moses, Jesus and Muhammad, may the peace and blessings of God be upon them all. The Qur’an commands the Muslims thus: We believe in God, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob and the Tribes; and that which was given to Moses and Jesus, and that which was given to all prophets from their Lord. We make no discrimination between one and another of them, and we bow to God (2:136, cf. 3:84; 4:163-165; 6:84-87). 3. The true Muslim believes, as a result of article two, in all the scriptures and revelations of God. They were the guiding light which the messengers received to show their respective peoples the Right Path of God. In the Qur’an a special reference is made to the books of Abraham, Moses, David and Jesus. But long before the revelation of the Qur’an to Muhammad some of those books and revelations had been lost or corrupted, others forgotten, neglected, or concealed. The only authentic and complete book of God in existence today is the Qur’an. In principle, the Muslim believes in the previous books and revelations. But where are their complete and original versions? They could be still at the bottom of the Dead Sea, and there may be more Scrolls to be discovered. Or perhaps more information about them will become available when the Christian and Jewish archaeologists reveal to the public the complete original findings of their continued excavations in the Holy Land. For the Muslim, there is no problem of that kind. The Qur’an is in his hand complete and authentic. Nothing of it is missing and no more of it is expected. Its authenticity is beyond doubt, and no serious scholar or thinker has ventured to question its genuineness. The Qur’an was made so by God Who revealed it and made it incumbent upon Himself to protect it against interpolation and corruption of all kinds. Thus it is given to the Muslims as the standard or criterion by which all the other books are judged. So whatever agrees with the Qur’an is accepted as Divine truth, and whatever differs from the Qur’an is either rejected or suspended. God says: 'Verily We have, without doubt, sent down the Qur’an, and We will assuredly guard it’ (15: 9; cf. 2:75- 79; 5: 1 3-14, 41, 45, 47; 6:91 ; 41:43). 4. The true Muslim believes in the angels of God, They are purely spiritual and splendid beings whose nature requires no food or drink or sleep. They have no physical desires of any kind nor material needs. They spend their days and nights, in the service of God. There are many of them, and each one is charged with a certain duty. If we cannot see the angels with out naked eyes, it does not necessarily deny their actual existence, There are many things in the world that are invisible to the eye or inaccessible to the senses, and yet we do believe in their existence. There are places we have never seen and things like gas and ether that we could not see with our naked eyes, smell or touch or taste or hear; yet we do acknowledge their existence. Belief in the angels originates from the Islamic principle that knowledge and truth are not entirely confined to the sensory knowledge or sensory perception alone,(16:49-50; 21:19-20. see also the references in article two above). 5. The true Muslim believes in the Last Day of Judgment. This world will come to an end some day, and the dead will rise to stand for their final and fair trial. Everything we do in this world, every intention we have, every move we make, every thought we entertain, and every word we say, all are counted and kept in accurate records. On the Day of Judgment they will be brought up. People with good records will be generously rewarded and warmly welcomed to the Heaven of God, and those with bad records will be punished and cast into Hell. The real nature of Heaven and Hell and the exact description of them are known to God only. There are descriptions of Heaven and Hell in the Our’an and the Traditions of Muhammad but they should not be taken literally. In Heaven, said Muhammad, there are things which no eye has ever seen, no ear has ever heard, and no mind has ever conceived. However, the Muslim believes that there definitely will be compensation and reward for the good deeds, and punishment for the evil ones. That is the Day of Justice and final settlement of all accounts. If some people think that they are shrewd enough and can get away with their wrong doings, just as they sometimes escape the penalty of the mundane laws, they are wrong, they will not be able to do so on the Day of Judgment. They will be caught right on the spot defenseless, without any lawyer or counsel to stand in their behalf. All their deeds are visible to God and counted by His agents. Also, if some pious people do good deeds to please God and seem to get no appreciation or acknowledgment in this temporary world, they will eventually receive full compensate on and be widely acknowledged on That Day. Absolute Justice will be done to all. Belief in the Day of Judgment is the final relieving answer to many complicated problems of our world. There are people who commit sins, neglect God and indulge in immoral activities, yet they seem to be "superficially" successful in business and prosperous in life. And there are virtuous and God-minded people, yet they seem to be getting less rewards for their sincere effort, and more suffering in the present world. This is puzzling and incompatible with the Justice of God. If the guilty people can escape the mundane law unharmed and, in addition, be more prosperous, what is, then, left for the virtuous people? What will promote the cause of morality and goodness? There must be some way to reward goodness and arrest evil. If this is not done here on this earth-and we know that it is not done regularly or immediately it has to be done some day, and that is the Day of Judgment. This is not to condone injustice or tolerate mischief in this world. It is not to sedate the deprived or comfort their exploiters Rather, it is to warn the deviants from the Right Path and remind them that the Justice of God shall run its full course sooner or later (see, for example, the previous references). 6. The true Muslim believes in the timeless knowledge of God and in His power to plan and execute His plans. God is not indifferent to this world nor is He neutral to it. His knowledge and power are in action at all times to keep order in His vast domain and maintain full command over His creation. He is Wise and Loving, and whatever He does must have a good motive and meaningful purpose. If this is established in our minds, we should accept with good Faith all that He does, although we may fail to understand it fully, or even think it is bad. We should have strong Faith in Him and accept whatever He does because our knowledge is limited and our thinking is based on individual or personal considerations, whereas His knowledge is limitless and He plans on a universal basis. This does not in any way make man fatalist or helpless. It simply draws the demarcation line between what is God's concern and what is man's responsibility. Because we are by nature finite and limited, we have a finite and limited degree of power and freedom. We cannot do everything, and He graciously holds us responsible only for the things we do. The things which we cannot do, or things which He Himself does, are not in the realm of our responsibility. He is Just and has given us limited power to match our finite nature and limited responsibility. On the other hand, the timeless knowledge and power of God to execute His plans do not prevent us from making our own plans in our own limited sphere of power. On the contrary, He exhorts us to think, to plan and to make sound choices, but if things do not happen the way we wanted or planned them, we should not lose Faith or surrender ourselves to mental strains and shattering worries. We should try again and again, and if the results are not satisfactory, then we know that we have tried our best and cannot be held responsible for the results, because what is beyond our capacity and responsibility is the affair of God alone. The Muslims call this article of Faith the belief in ‘Qadaa’ and ‘Qaday’, which simply means, in other words, that the Timeless Knowledge of God anticipates events, and that events take place according to the exact Knowledge of God (Qur’an, for example, 18:29; 41:46; 53:33-62; 54:49; 65:3; 76:30-31). 7. The true Muslim believes that God's creation is meaningful and that life has a sublime purpose beyond the physical needs and material activities of man. The purpose of life is to worship God. This does not simply mean that we have to spend our entire lives inconstant seclusion and absolute meditation. To worship God is to know Him; to love Him; to obey His commandments; to enforce His law in every aspect of life; to serve .His cause by doing the right and shunning the evil; and to be just to Him, to ourselves, and to our fellow human being and To worship God is to "live" life not to run away from it. In brief, to worship God is to imbue ourselves with His Supreme Attributes. This is by no means a simple statement, nor is it an oversimplification of the matter. It is most comprehensive and conclusive. So if life has a purpose and if man is created to serve that purpose, then he cannot escape the responsibility. He cannot deny His existence or ignore the vital role he has to play. When God charges him with any responsibility, He provides him with all the required assistance. He endows him with intelligence and power to choose his course of conduct. Man, thus, is strongly commended by God to exert his utmost to fully serve the purpose of his existence. Should he fail to do that, or misuse his life or neglect- his duties, he shall be responsible to God for his wrong deeds (see 21:17-18; 51:56-58, 75:37). 8. The true Muslim believes that man enjoys an especially high ranking status in the hierarchy of all the known creatures. He occupies this distinguished position because He alone is gifted with rational faculties and spiritual aspirations as well as powers of action. But the more his rank excels, the more his responsibility grows. He occupies the position of God's viceroy on earth. The person who is appointed by God to be His active agent, must necessarily have some power and authority, and be, at least potentially, endowed with honor and integrity. And this is the status of man in Islam; not a condemned race from birth to death, but a dignified being potentially capable of good and noble achievements. The fact that God chose His messengers from the human race shows that man is trustworthy and capable, and that he can acquire immense treasures of goodness (2:30-34; 6:165; 7:1 1; 17:70-72, 90-95). 9. The true Muslim believes that every person is born "Muslim". This means that the very course of birth takes place in accordance with the Will of God, in realization of His plans and in submission to His Commands. It also means that every person is endowed with spiritual potentialities and intellectual inclinations that can make him a good Muslim, if he has the right access to Islam and is left to develop his innate nature. Many people can readily accept Islam if it is properly presented to them because it is the Divine formula for those who want to satisfy their moral and spiritual needs as well is their natural aspirations, those who want to lead a constructive and sound life, whether personal or social, national or international. This is so because Islam is the universal religion of God, the Maker of human nature, Who knows what is best for human nature (30:30; 64:1-3; 82:6-8). 10. The true Muslim believes that every person is born free from sin and all claims to inherited virtue. He is like a blank book. When the person reaches the age of maturity he becomes accountable for his deeds and intentions, if his development is normal and if he is sane. Man is not only free from sin until he commits sin, but he is also free to do things according to his plans on his own responsibility. This dual freedom: freedom from sin and freedom to do effective things, clears the Muslim's conscience from the heavy pressure of Inherited Sin. It relieves his soul and mind from the unnecessary strains of the Doctrine of Original Sin. This Islamic concept of freedom is based upon the principle of God’s justice and the individual's direct responsibility to God. Each person must beat his own burden and be responsible for his own actions, because no one can expiate for another’s sin. Thus, a Muslim believes that if Adam had committed the First Sin, it was his own responsibility to expiate for that sin. To assume that God was unable to forgive Adam and had to make somebody else expiate for his sin, or to assume that Adam did not pray for pardon or prayed for it but it was not granted, would be extremely unlikely and contrary to God’s mercy and justice as well as to His attribute of forgiveness and power to forgive. To assume the said hypothesis, would be an audacious defiance of common sense and flagrant violation of the very concept of God (see the references in article nine above; Qur’an, 41:46; 45:15; 53:31-42; 74:38; the Concept of Sin below): On this rational basis as well as on the authority of the Qur’an, the Muslim believes that Adam realized what he had committed and prayed to God for pardon, as any other sensible sinner would. It is also on the same basis, the Muslim believes, that God, the Forgiving and Merciful, granted Adam pardon (2:35-37; 20:117-122). Hence, the Muslim cannot possibly accept the doctrine that Adam with the whole human race had been condemned and unforgiven until Jesus came to expiate for their sins. Consequently, the Muslim cannot entertain the dramatic story of Jesus' death on the cross just to do away with all human sins once and for all. Here the reader must be cautioned against any wrong conclusions. The Muslim does not believe in the crucifixion of Jesus by his enemies because the basis of this doctrine of crucifixion is contrary to Divine mercy and justice as much as it is to human logic and dignity. Such a disbelief in the doctrine does not in any way lessen the Muslim’s reverence for Jesus, or degrade the high status of Jesus in Islam or even shake the Muslim's belief in Jesus as a distinguished prophet of God. On the contrary, by rejecting this doctrine the Muslim accepts Jesus but only with more esteem and higher respect, and looks upon his original message as an essential part of Islam. So let it be stated, again, that to be a Muslim a person must accept and. respect all the prophets of God without any discrimination. The general status of Jesus in Islam will be further discussed in a later chapter. 11. The true Muslim believes that man must work out his salvation through the guidance of God. This means that in order to attain salvation a person must combine Faith and action, belief and practice. Faith without action is as insufficient as action without Faith. In other words, no one can attain salvation until his Faith in God becomes dynamic in his life and his beliefs are translated into reality. This is in complete harmony with the other Islamic articles of Faith. It shows that God does not accept lip service, and that no true believer can be indifferent as far as the practical requirements of Faith are concerned. It also shows that no one can act on behalf of another or intercede between him and God (see, for example, the Qur’an, 10:9-10; 18:30; 103:1-3). 12. The true Muslim believes that God does not hold any person responsible until He has shown him the Right Way. This is why God has sent many messengers and revelations, and has made it clear that there would be no punishment before giving guidance and sounding the alarm. So, a person who has never come across any Divine revelations or messenger, or a person who is insane is not held responsible to God for failing to obey the Divine instructions. Such a person will be responsible only for not doing what his sound common sense tells him to do. But the person who knowingly and intentionally violates the Law of God or deviates from His Right Path will be punished for his wrong deeds (4:165; 5: 16 & 21; 17: 15). This point is very important for every Muslim. There are many people in the world who have not heard of Islam and have no way of knowing about it. Such people may be honest and may become good Muslims, if they find their way to Islam. If they do not know and have no way of knowing, they will not be responsible for failing to be Muslims. Instead, the Muslim who can present Islam to such people will be the ones responsible for failing to invite them to Islam and show them what Islam is. This calls upon every Muslim throughout the globe not only to preach Islam in words but also -and more importantly-to live it in full (see, for example, the Qur’an, 3: 104;16:125). 13. The true Muslim believes that in human nature, which God created, there is more good than evil, and the probability successful reform is greater than the probability of hopeless failure. This belief is derived from the fact that God has tasked man with certain assignments and sent messengers with revelations for his guidance. If man were by nature a hopeless case impossible to reform, how could God with His absolute wisdom assign him responsibilities and invite him to do or shun certain things? How could God do that, if it were all in vain? The fact that God cares for man and takes a stand in his interest proves that man is neither helpless nor hopeless, but is more appreciative of and inclined to good than otherwise. Surely with sound Faith in God and due confidence in man miracles can be worked out, even in our own times. To understand this properly, one has to carefully study the relevant Passages in the Qur’an and reflect on their meanings. 14. The true Muslim believes that Faith is not complete when it is followed blindly or accepted unquestioningly unless the believer is reasonably satisfied. If Faith is to inspire action, and if Faith and action are to lead to salvation, then Faith must be founded on unshakable convictions without any deception or compulsion. In other words, the person who calls himself a Muslim because of his family traditions, or accepts Islam under coercion or blind imitation is not a complete Muslim in the sight of God. A Muslim must build his Faith on well-grounded convictions beyond any reasonable doubt and above uncertainty. If he is not certain about his Faith, he is invited by God to search in the open book of Nature, to use his reasoning powers, and to reflect on the teachings of the Qur’an. He must search for the indisputable truth until he finds it, and he will certainly find it, if he is capable and serious enough (see, for example, the Qur’an, 2:170; 43:22-24). This is why Islam demands sound convictions and opposes blind imitation. Every person who is duly qualified as a genuine earnest thinker is enjoined by Islam to employ his faculties he fullest extent. But if a person is unqualified or uncertain of himself, he should pursue his thinking only as far as limits can take him. It will be quite in order for such a person to rely only on the authentic sources of religion, which are sufficient in themselves, without applying to them any critical questioning of which he is incapable. The point is that no one call himself a true Muslim unless his Faith is based on strong convictions and his mind is clear from doubts. Because Islam is complete only when it is based on strong convictions freedom of choice, it cannot be forced upon anybody, for will not accept this forced faith. Nor will He consider it a true Islam if it does not develop from within or originate from free and sound convictions. And because Islam insures freedom of belief many non-Muslim groups lived and still live in the Muslim countries enjoying full freedom of belief and conscience. The Muslims take this attitude because Islam forbids compulsion in religion. It is the light which must radiate from within, because freedom of choice is the cornerstone of responsibility. This does not exempt the parents from responsibility for their children. Nor does it condone their being indifferent to the spiritual welfare of their dependents. In fact, they must do everything. Possible to help them to build a strong inspiring faith. To establish Faith on sound grounds, there are various parallel avenues. There is the Spiritual approach which is based mainly on the Qur’an and the Traditions of Muhammad. There is also the rational approach which eventually leads to Faith in the Supreme Being. This is not to say that the Spiritual approach lacks sound rationality. Nor is the rational approach deprived of inspiring spirituality. Both approaches, in fact, complement one another and may well become in a state of lively interaction. Now if a person is sufficiently equipped with sound rational qualities, he may resort to the rational approach or to the Spiritual approach or to both, and may be confident that his conclusion will be right. But if a person is incapable of profound inquiry or is uncertain of his reasoning powers, he may confine himself to the Spiritual approach and-be contented with the knowledge he can derive from the authentic sources of religion. The point is that whether one uses the Spiritual approach or the rational technique or both, one will in the end come to Faith in God. All these avenues are equally important and accepted by Islam, and when property channeled, lead to the same end, namely Faith in the Supreme Being (Qur’an, 5:16 17; 12:109; 18:30; 56:80). 15. The true Muslim believes that the Qur’an is the word of God revealed to Muhammad through the agency of the Angel Gabriel. The Qur’an was revealed from God piece by piece on various occasions to answer certain questions, solve certain problems settle certain disputes, and to be man’s best guide to the truth of God and eternal happiness. Every letter in the Qur’an is the word of God, and every sound in it is the true echo of God’s voice. The Qur’an is the First and most authentic Source of Islam. It was revealed in Arabic. It is still and will remain in its original and complete Arabic version, because God has made it His concern to preserve the Qur’an, to make it always the best guide for man, and to safeguard it against corruption (cf. 4:82; 15:9; 17:9; 41:41-44; 42:7, 52-53). In testimony to God's conservation, the Qur’an is the only Scripture in human history that has been preserved in complete and original version without the slightest change in style or even punctuation’s. The history of recording the Qur’an, compiling its chapters and conserving its text is beyond any doubt not only in the minds of the Muslims but also in the minds of honest and serious scholars. This is a historical fact which no scholar from any faith who respects his knowledge and integrity has ever questioned. As a matter of fact, it is Muhammads’ standing miracle that if all mankind were to work together they could not produce the like of one Qur’anic chapter (2:22-24; 11:13-14; 17:88-89). 16. The true Muslim believes in a clear distinction between the Qur’an and the Traditions of Muhammad. The Qur’an is the word of God whereas the Traditions of Muhammad are the practical interpretations of the Qur’an. The role of Muhammad was to convey the Qur’an as he received it, to interpret it, and to practice it fully. His interpretations and practices produced what is known as the Traditions of Muhammad. They are considered the Second Source of Islam and must be in complete harmony with the First Source, namely the Qur’an, which is the Standard and the Criterion. If there be any contradiction or inconsistency between any of the Traditions and the Qur’an, the Muslim adheres to the Qur’an alone and regards everything, else as open to question because no genuine Tradition of Muhammad can ever disagree with the Qur’an or be opposed to it. Remarks In this discussion of the cardinal articles of Faith in Islam, we have deliberately differed from the Traditional view on the subject. We did not confine them to five or six articles. Instead, we tried to include as many Principles as was possible. But it should be pointed out here that all the articles of Faith mentioned above are based upon and derived from the teachings of the Qur’an and the Traditions of Muhammad. More verses from the Qur’an and many parts of the Traditions could have been quoted to show the foundation of these articles of Faith. This was not done because of the limitations of space. However, the Qur’an and the Traditions of Muhammad are available references for any detailed study. We have also kept to a minimum the use of Western terminology and technical language like predestination, fatalism, free will, and so on. This was done deliberately because we wanted to avoid confusion and technicalities. Most of the technical terms used in religion among non-Arabic speaking people lead to misunderstanding, when applied to Islam, and give wrong impressions. It would be impossible to serve the purpose of this work if foreign terms were adopted and applied to Islam. If we were to use the alien religious terminology here, we would have to add many qualifications and comments to clarify the picture of Islam. This also would have required much more space which we could not possibly afford under the circumstances. So, we tried to explain things in ordinary simple language, and this same course will be followed in the remainder of the book.